Formal institutional context in global strategy research: A layer cake perspective

Research summary We offer a novel view of formal institutions as a layer cake, suggesting a structural relationship between higher-level and lower-level institutions. In this context, inter-layer conflict imposes complex pressures on multinational corporations (MNCs). These tensions have become more rife amid the growth in global connectedness and the commensurate increase in the importance of within-country differences. Drawing on political science and economic geography research, we introduce regime type and the distribution of economic resources as conditions under which inter-layer conflict is most likely to arise. We leverage two caselets to illustrate the inter-layer conflict and the novel response options MNCs can deploy. Our perspective advances the theoretical understanding of intra-national institutional diversity, laying the groundwork for future research at the nexus of institutional theory and global strategy. Managerial summary Firms often encounter opposing pressures in their operating environments because institutions within the nation-state impose misaligned policies. Despite acknowledging that such interactions exist, firms traditionally did not make it an integral part of their strategy. We demarcate how formal institutions cascade, forming a layer cake of relevant influences whereby the structural relationship between higher-level and lower-level institutions may impose complex pressures when in conflict. We turn to political science and economic geography literatures for explanations of when such conflict is most likely and offer a window into the responses by multinational firms using caselets within the COVID-19 pandemic context. We offer new avenues for research on the ways in which institutions function to affect multinational firms in a global economy increasingly characterized by institutional complexity.

Developing the first-ever global learning strategy to frame the future of learning for achieving public health goals.

Health is at the forefront of everyone's mind. Every country on the planet is currently experiencing the COVID19 pandemic, which is not just causing death and disease, but damaging societies and economies on a significant scale across the world.1 The current pandemic has brought into sharp focus the socio-economic factors and inequities in how people experience health and ill health and shone a spotlight on the need for lifelong learning so that health professionals, volunteers, and the public alike can adapt and respond to health threats. But even before the pandemic, the world was changing profoundly in the past few decades, and these changes impacted people's health. Unfortunately, the role of education and learning in the health domain has not kept pace with these changes. Many factors converge to create a major evolution, and some say, revolution, in how education, training and learning for health can and should be leveraged to protect and promote people's health. This paper summarizes some of the critical ideas of an 18-month process to create the first-ever global learning strategy for health by the World Health Organization.